Social-Emotional Development In A Child Of 4Yrs Old Essays - Film

Social-Emotional Development In A Child Of 4Yrs Old Chapter 2- Social - Emotional Development The potential possibilities of any child are the most intriguing and stimulating in all creation. ~Ray L. Wilbur~ The typical four year old has a very good sense of humor. They love being silly and love to tell jokes that make others laugh. While observing Michael and the class having breakfast in the cafeteria, Michael and two of his friends were telling jokes. Boy 1: Knock! Knock! Michael: Who's there? Boy 1: Knock! Knock! Boy 2: He said who's there? Boy 1: Pizza. Michael: Pizza? Boy 1: Yeah I said pizza. Michael: Pizza who? Boy 1: Hmmm (pauses for a moment) I forgot. Boy 1, Boy 2, and Michael begin to laugh hysterically at one another. They are laughing so hard that other children around them begin to laugh as well. There are many different meanings for the term social development, but the one thing that is for sure is that it is a long and ongoing process This process begins in early childhood with self discovery and results in the ability to interact with others. During the social - emotional development of a four year old child, they are still continuing to learn about themselves. Their sense of identity includes knowledge that they are a boy or girl (gender) and a member of a particular family, racial, religious or ethnic group (Mitchell and David, 1992). However, their sense of self is unstable. Preschooler's are aware of how people feel about them. They want to please adults in their lives and look for approval and praise. Preschooler's are also developing new social skills. Friendships often have a momentary quality, although some friendships may be quite stable, especially if children have known each other for a long time (Pica, 1997). Play and social development go hand and hand. Play offers many opportunities to be with other children and to share, take turns, disagree, and compromise (Mitchell and Davis, 1992). Children enjoy each others company. While at play, they are increasing their self awareness, and are becoming more involved in cooperative play. Emotionally, children develop greater self awareness, characteristics, and actions. They are also able to predict the emotions of others. According to Huffnung (1997) children will develop empathy or the ability to appreciate the feeling of others and understand their point of view. If one child begins an activity, it is likely that his friends will want to follow along. Michael was sitting at the table in the cafeteria eating breakfast and he kept dropping his napkin on the floor because he knew that the college student would pick it up for him. Two other boys that were sitting with him saw what was going on and they started to drop their napkin on the floor also. This continued for a few moments until the college student yelled at the boys. She then began to ignore their behavior and eventually they stopped. Michael likes to play in a group with his friends. Michael, another boy and a college student were playing in the block area. They had a handful of different bugs and the college student suggested that they build a house for the bugs to live in. Michael and the boy went to get long blocks to start building the house. Michael: We need long blocks to build the house. Boy: Ok I will get them. Michael: Hey look! This can be a sliding door. Boy: We need to take the bugs out. Michael: Go over there and get those long ones so we can put them on top. A girl runs over from the snack table and sits down next to Michael. She grabs a bug and pretends to make it hop from one level to the next. Michael: Hey! What are you doing? Stop that we're not done here! Boy: Yeah you cant do that. We need to build a house for the bugs to live in. Girl: Can I build with you? Michael: No! Girls can't build houses for bugs. No! College Student: Just because she is a girl Michael doesn't mean she can't play with you and help you make a house. Girl: Well he's not my friend anymore. Michael and his friend continue to build the house and do not pay attention to what the college student had said. The girl however did not get upset and she started building a house in a different area. Where she was building her house, Michael had an idea to build a road for the bugs to hop across. The road that they built connected the two houses together so that everyone could play. When

Divorces are made in Heaven Essays

Divorces are made in Heaven Essays Divorces are made in Heaven Paper Divorces are made in Heaven Paper Algernon also says a comment about divorce: Divorces are made in Heaven. This is an inversion of the normal phrase Marriages are made in Heaven. Divorce would have being a topic up for much debate at the time not only because of the issue of money but also that women were basically subservient to men, which meant that women would have had limited rights. However, this is not an issue in the play as womens role in society in The Importance of Being Earnest is portrayed as quite the opposite; all the women have more money than the male characters and seem to get the upper-hand over men. For example, Lady Bracknell sends her husband to dine alone in the bedroom if Lady Bracknells table is out at her dinner parties. Algernon also believes that marriage cant consist of just two people, as it would be tedious for a man to do so. He says that in marriage three is company and two is none. It was not uncommon in the contemporary society for men to have a wife and a mistress. Wilde may be hinting at this fact or he may possibly be using irony to have a private joke about his own Bunburying. He was known to be living a double life with his wife and his lover Lord Alfred Douglas. It could be that he was directing this joke to a few members of the audience at the time, who knew what he meant. In the play, there is irony that both Jack and Algernon only have their Bunburys while they are single men. Lady Bracknells views on marriage are key to the basis of the play. Lady Bracknell believes that it is entirely the parents decision on who marries their daughter: An engagement should come on a young girl as a surprise, pleasant or unpleasant as the case may be. It is hardly a matter that she could be allowed to arrange for herself. This quotation is funny as it has an element of truth but is going beyond the normal customs. It is true that the parents would have had a lot of influence of the husband of their daughters but the girl would have an idea of who he would be. It was more a matter of agreement than completely arranging the whole thing with the girl being oblivious to it all. Gwendolens reasons for wanting to marry Jack are quite absurd. She illustrates that she loves Jack mainly because she thinks his name is Ernest. She says that the only safe name is Ernest. She is being ridiculous in thinking that the fact that a newborn babys character would be determined by the name he had been given. Whilst her mother is basing her decision on Jacks money, status and birthright; Gwendolen is basing her marriage on a name. Even though the later seems the more absurd, Wilde may also be demonstrating that permitting marriage on the grounds of birthright is just as ridiculous as it is true that one cannot help what one is named or into which family one is born.

Definition of the Hastert Rule

Definition of the Hastert Rule The Hastert Rule is an informal policy in House Republican leadership designed to limit the debate on bills that dont have support from a majority of its conference. When Republicans hold a majority in the 435-member House, they use the Hastert Rule to forbid any legislation that doesnt have support from a majority of the majority from coming up for a vote. What does that mean? It means if Republicans control the House and piece of legislation must have the support of most members of the GOP to see a vote on the floor. The Hastert Rule is much less rigid that the 80-percent rule held by the ultraconservative House Freedom Caucus. The Hastert Rule is named for former  Speaker of the House Dennis Hastert, a Republican from Illinois who served as the chambers longest-serving  speaker, from 1998 until his resignation in 2007. Hastert believed the role of a speaker was, in his words, not to expedite legislation that runs counter to the wishes of the majority of his majority. Previous Republican speakers of the House followed the same guiding principle, including former U.S. Rep. Newt Gingrich. Criticism of the Hastert Rule Critics of the Hastert Rule say its too rigid and limits debate on important national issues while issues favored by Republicans get attention. In other words, it puts the interests of a political party over the interests of people. Critics also blame the Hastert Rule for spiking House action on any legislation passed in a bipartisan fashion in the U.S. Senate. The Hastert Rule was blamed, for example,  for holding up House votes on the farm bill and immigration reform in 2013. Hastert himself attempted to distance himself from the rule during the government shutdown of 2013, when Republican House Speaker John Boehner refused to allow a vote on a measure funding federal government operations under the belief that a conservative bloc of the GOP conference was opposed to it. Hastert told The Daily Beast that the so-called Hastert Rule wasnt really set in stone. â€Å"Generally speaking, I needed to have a majority of my majority, at least half of my conference. This wasn’t a rule  Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ The Hastert Rule is kind of a misnomer.† He added of Republicans under his leadership:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"If we had to work with Democrats, we did.† And in 2019, amid the longest government shutdown in history, a congressman referred to the policy as the stupidest rule ever created - named after somebody who is in prison that has allowed a minority of tyrants in the Congress. (Hastert served 13 months in prison after pleading guilty to violating federal banking laws. He admitted breaking the law to pay hush money to a teenage boy he had sexually molested in the 1960s and 1970s when he was a wrestling coach.) Nonetheless, Hastert is on the record saying the following during his tenure as speaker: On occasion, a particular issue might excite a majority made up mostly of the minority. Campaign finance is a particularly good example of this phenomenon. The job of speaker is not to expedite legislation that runs counter to the wishes of the majority of his majority. Norman Ornstein of the American Enterprise Institute has called the Hastert Rule detrimental in that it puts party ahead of the House as a whole, and therefore the will of the people. As House speakers, he said in 2004,  You are the party leader, but you are ratified by the whole House. You are a constitutional officer. Support for the Hastert Rule Conservative advocacy groups including the Conservative Action Project have argued that the Hastert Rule should be made written policy by the House Republican Conference so the party can remain in good standing with the people who elected them to office. Not only will this rule prevent bad policy being passed against the wishes of the Republican majority, it will strengthen the hand of our leadership in negotiations – knowing that legislation cannot pass the House without significant Republican support, wrote  former Attorney General Edwin Meese and a group of like-minded, prominent conservatives. Such concerns, however, are merely partisan and the Hastert Rule remains an unwritten principle guiding Republican House speakers. Adherence to the Hastert Rule A New York Times analysis of adherence to the Hastert Rule found all Republican House speakers had violated it at one point or another. Boehner had allowed House bills to come up for a vote even though they didnt have support from a majority of the majority. Also in violation of the Hastert Rule at least a dozen times over his career as speaker: Dennis Hastert himself.

General and Unitised Cargoes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

General and Unitised Cargoes - Essay Example In the other hand a good cargo service coupled with cost effective methods would redound to better business performance. Better cargo handling and stowage can only be achieved with good planning and better execution of plans. To be most successful in designing a cost effective cargo and stowage plan requires basic information crucial in the performance of cargo ships. These include data as to the ships capacity and the storage area's physical parameters. The ships capacity covers both volume and the weight of the total cargo which is an initial input to better planning. Another is the cargo itself. The cargo type including its physical conditions, forms, and other parameters are an important factor in determining storage location and handling methods. The ports of origin and destinations must also be evaluated. The data on ports conditions including availability of basic or sophisticated facilities for cargo handling and regulatory policies must be properly considered. Finally, the ships cargo history from port to port must also be analyzed for better planning. The cargo manager must take into conside ration what cargoes comes in and comes out in the ship from port to port including the types and volumes of these cargoes. Wilson and Roach (2000) clearly considers suitable placement of containers in a container-ship on a multi-port journey as a requirement to facilitate optimum ease in loading and unloading at subsequent ports. The Cargo Placement and Stowage Plan The aforementioned data combined together will be a very important tool in deciding what handling methods must be employed, where to place the cargoes, who must be involved, and how the stowing must be executed. Cargo placement In placing cargoes, the basic principle of what must come out first at destination port must comes in last at ports of origin must be considered. A carefully evaluated cargo listing will provide better cargo placement plan. Cargoes that must be unloaded in the nearest port must be located in areas where they can be moved without obstructions. Cargoes intended for last port of destination must be placed in more secure locations where they cannot obstruct loading and unloading at intermediary ports. Cargoes must also be placed according to physical and chemical compositions to avoid dangers of contaminations due to spillage and other accidents. Cargo managers today are more fortunate than earlier years due to availability of computerized systems of cargo placement planning. Simulation programs that generate good sub-optimal solutions to the stowage pre-planning problem are now available. The process is an analysis of the domain allowing the problem to be divided into a generalized placement strategy and a specialized placement procedure. The system refines the arrangement of containers within the cargo-space of a container ship until each container is specifically allocated to a stowage location. Better cargo placements is determined before it is really executed thereby providing room for better adjustment in a cost effective way (Wilson, Roach, & Ware, 2001). Use of these

Dairy industry - canada's supply management system Essay

Dairy industry - canada's supply management system - Essay Example Petkantchin (2008) has mentioned that the â€Å"Canadian milk prices have been two to three times higher than world prices since 1986. This has no doubt contributed to a drop of nearly 15% in per capita milk consumption in Canada between 1986 and 2003† (Petkantchin). Canada is one of the biggest producers of dairy products. At the same time the prices of the dairy products are very high in Canada because of the quota system enforced by the government in the supply management of dairy products in Canada. The productivity gains are actually wasted because of the quota system. The creation of Canadian Dairy Commission in 1966 was greeted with immense pleasure by the dairy farmers; however their expectations went wrong since the government introduced the quota system to control the production of dairy products in Canada. The quota system controls the dairy products production in Canada even though Canada has huge potentials in developing the dairy sector. â€Å"One would argue that with the high capital that Canadian dairy farmers have to invest in quota, it makes it difficult for the next generation to farm. This is entirely correct† (Brander, p.12). The dairy farmers need to invest big amounts in order to keep the quota system in tact which is not a good sign for the future generation. Big expenditure or capital needed for dairy farming will force the next generation to look for other options. At the same time, the tight control over the supply management of dairy products resulted as a barrier to the entry of new players in the Canadian dairy market from external sources. It is quite possible that entrepreneurs from other countries may invest in Canada in the dairy sector because of globalization and liberalization policies adopted by Canada. But the tight control over the supply of dairy products in Canada prevents foreign investors from investing in the Canadian dairy sector. Supply management works well for conventional

Building models for integration in counseling Essay Example for Free

Building models for integration in counseling Essay As we begin this second week of Coun  506 we are going to concentrate on building models for integration in counseling. Our beginning point in this is to understand more specifically how our  worldview impacts the models that we use in counseling. The way we interpret behavior has a lot to do with our worldview, and a lot to do with our expectations of our clients. One of the first steps in applying worldview questions to counseling is that we have to begin to think in terms of the bigger questions that are involved, starting off with: â€Å"Who am I? Those who approach the question of human nature from a theological perspective think of people as created in the image of God. The focus of those who are theologically-trained and oriented is the belief in people being a free creation imbued with a free will, but also as fallen beings created for a purpose. This is true even when we see a person in a counseling situation and it is clear by the problems they are having or created for themselves that they are far from achieving the purpose for which they were created. It does not remove the fact that this is a person with a purpose for which they are created. From a psychological standpoint the question †Who Am I? † raises the issue of rationality; the idea of humans as essentially â€Å"a self,† not a creation but a rational self. Some theories of psychology stresses that when people begin their lives, they begin as â€Å"blank slates† where from the moment they are born, their experiences, their environment, and their relationships begin to fill the â€Å"pages† of their mind and lives. So there is a sense in psychology that people are akin to â€Å"self-creating social organisms† that interact with people and systems around them. From the perspective of Christian spirituality, identity questions are phrased in terms of the spirit, in terms of the God-breathed life. Recall the image in Genesis where God forms Adam from the ground and breathed life into him. That is an image specific to Christian Spirituality: the notion of human beings as children of God and temples of the Holy Spirit. Next we look at the worldview question: â€Å"Where am I? † referring to the world in which we live. From a theological perspective the world is considered to be a good creation by God: â€Å"In the beginning God created the eavens and the earth and God saw that it was good†; that phrase is repeated many times in that first chapter of the book of Genesis. When God created human beings he saw that it was very good. So it is a good world created by God that while still under His sovereignty, He has charged us to have dominion over the world. From the perspective of psychologists, the question is addressed in terms of two environments: one being the internal environment of the person, or their individual heredity; and the second being the external: the physical, social, and relational environment in which they live. For Spirituality, the world is described as a â€Å"community,† while for us who are believers in Christ, our fundamental identifying terms of our environment is as members of the â€Å"Body of Christ. † It also emphasizes that the world in which we live and see is not one realm, but that we exist in a two-realm world: the physical world and the spiritual world. Rarely does anyone come to counseling simply for the fun of it, or because they have nothing else to do. Anytime you see a client, it is because they are having a problem. Theologians looking from the â€Å"What’s wrong with the world? perspective, refers to problems in the terms of sin and rebellion to God’s law. Jay Addams emphasize this in â€Å"nouthetic counseling†: that anytime a person comes to you with a problem, the problem is sin. This problem of sin shows up not only in that individual’s rebellion to God’s law, but also in terms of the larger work of Satan and the p resence of evil in their life. Psychologists on the other hand emphasize that when a person is having problems, the fundamental issue is pointing toward some type of disorder, or their failure to cope in adequate ways, or they are living in a dysfunctional environment. In spirituality, when there is a problem in life, the problem is broken relationships and alienation from God, self, and others. The problem is also phrased in cosmic terms: that in fact part of the problem in life is really the result of spiritual warfare or the result of quenching God’s guiding and comforting Holy Spirit. So where does that lead us in seeking solutions to our problems? In terms of theology, the way to deal with problems are solutions that only come from God. The grace of God is freely given to us, with the correct human response being repentance. Repentance leads to redemption in Christ, and then we can embark on the life-long process of becoming sanctified, or more like Christ. From a psychological perspective, the solution to problems is known as â€Å"self-actualization,† or the notion that we are self-controlled persons who need to unleash â€Å"the self† within us. Then we can understand and conquer our problems and recover through psychological interventions. Spirituality speaks of the solution to human problems in terms of communion with Christ, and reconciliation with others coming through abiding in the Spirit and through the power of prayer. Next we need to look at a change that has taken place over time from what is known as a â€Å"modern† worldview to a â€Å"post-modern† worldview. Here you see a simple typology comparing the two. This sort of typology is very important in counseling, especially concerning the various generations of our clients. Those who were born in the first part of the 20th century are much more likely to have a dominant â€Å"modern† view. Those born in the latter part of the 20th, or are just coming into adulthood now in the 21st century, typically lean toward the â€Å"post-modern† viewpoint. For those who come from the â€Å"modern† worldview, their focus is on the rational. If they can figure it out and think it through, THEN they have the direction to live. They seek to discover the â€Å"truth,† and from that truth they THEN know how to live and make decisions. The priority is on the individual, learning to be responsible for yourself and your own, not looking to others for help. Modern people believe that there is objective truth, and that we can be objective in our search for that truth. Modernists tend to think that there is a correct way to live, and that there is the possibility of living a moral life. On the other side, â€Å"post-modernists† feel that life is much more experiential. The real source in life is their experiences, not thoughts or reasonings. For example, my experiences are not the same as your experiences so my experiences are THE authoritative source for ME. Because of their emphasis on experience, they seek to understand life from their experiences and then to discern truth FROM those experiences. In other words their experiences become the means for understanding truth. More and more they place an emphasis on community rather than individuality, which can be seen as a positive shift in the sense that seeking counsel from another person is acceptable instead of embarrassing. Also, post-modern people see life in subjective terms, in that there are many ways to live, all of equal value, and that it is arrogant to speak in terms of there being only one way to live. Now please keep in mind that what was just presented to you is a simple typology, a way of conceptualizing the shifts in thinking so if you see things a little differently from this, it is okay. It is simply a quick way to help you process the shifting of worldviews that is occurring in our lifetime. Be aware that there are five keys to a Christian integrated worldview that you will be hearing about throughout this course. To study a bit deeper on this, refer back to Entwistle’s book. The first as has been mentioned before that â€Å"all truth is God’s truth†; this is key to a Christian worldview. The second is the notion that â€Å"human abilities are gifts from God†: meaning we are not completely independent beings but are creations of God, so our abilities are gifts from our Creator and given to us for a purpose. A third key is the belief that â€Å"human life is a unified whole,† where clients are to be approached holistically and as part of a family and community. The fourth key focuses on the â€Å"reality of sin,† meaning human sin IS a limiting factor in all of our pursuits. This fifth and final key is â€Å"humans and our behavior can be understood to a great degree through rational means,† meaning through empirical observation, through scientific methods, and through the revelation we receive from God. Unfortunately, the way in which we interpret those facts is going to be limited and flawed because of our fallenness.

Psilocybin and Body Changes :: Chemistry Chemical Drugs Papers

Psilocybin and Body Changes Physiological (Whole Body) Changes Psilocybin, the active psychotomimetic, hallucinogenic chemical found in the psilocybe genus of mushrooms, is absorbed through the mouth and stomach and is a monoamine-related substance (Levitt 1975, Grilly, 1998). This means that psilocybin's biochemical effects are mediated by changes in the activity of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine in the central nervous system (made up of the brain and the spinal cord) primarily by way of 5HT2a receptors (Grilly 1998, Hasler 2003). Monoamine-related drugs share a basic similarity in molecular structure with monoamine neurotransmitters serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine. Psilocybin produces bodily changes which are mostly sympathomimetic. This means that psilocybin mimics the effects of stimulating postganglionic adrenergic sympathetic nerves (online medical). The effects of this sympathetic nervous system arousal may consist of pupillary dilation, increases in blood pressure and heart rate, exaggeration of deep tendon reflexes, tremor, nausea, piloerection (hair erection), and increased body temperature (Grilly 1998). Psilocybin creates distinct psychological (hallucinogenic, entheogenic) changes in humans. Because of the mind-altering properties of the drug, much research on psilocybin is devoted to understanding its physiological effects on brain chemistry. A recent study tested prefrontal activation during a cognitive challenge and the neurometabolic effects of four different drugs on 113 regions of interest of the brain (Gouzoulis 1999). The four substances tested were psilocybin, d-methamphetamine (METH), methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDE), and a placebo in healthy volunteers. No significant differences of global cerebral metabolism were found in the four groups. Neurometabolic effects were found to include a significant increase of regional glucose activity in the right anterior cingulate of the brain, the right frontal operculum, and an increase in activity of the right inferior temporal region. A significant decrease in metabolism was found in the right thalamus, the left precentral region and a decrease in activity was found in the left thalamus. Overall there was a general hypermetabolism of the prefrontal region of the right hemisphere and hypometabolism in subcortical regions. During the cognitive challenge activation of the middle prefrontal cortex was eliminated and activation of Broca's area (right frontal operculum) was reduced. In a study conducted by A.M. Quetin, electrolyte levels, liver toxicity tests and blood sugar levels were shown to be