A Critical Review of Hedonism

A Critical Review of Hedonism Abstract The term Hedonism refers theories that involve happiness and pleasure in the supreme end of life. Hedonism is the doctrine that pleasure is the sole good. (Banks) Within the criminal justice system there exist two forms of hedonism, psychological hedonism and ethical hedonism. Ethical hedonism refers to the view that not only do people seek pleasure, but they also ought to seek pleasure because pleasure alone is good. (Banks) Psychological hedonism refers to people pursuing pleasure and only pleasure in their lives, and that all their activities are directed toward achieving pleasure and avoiding pain. (Banks) Over the years philosophers have tried to distinguish between psychological hedonism and ethical hedonism. What exactly do we need psychological hedonism for? Criminal justice professionals when dealing with psychological hedonism are motivated to maximize him or her pleasure and pain. They are concerned with ethics in our daily lives. In order to understand people’s behavior hedonism comes into play. Banks stakes explanations that the only thing that is worth seeking just for its own sake is pleasure and that pleasure is good. All humans seek pleasure in different ways. History of Hedonism Ancient Epicureanism founded by Epicurus stated that pleasure is that pleasure is the greatest good. â€Å"He also appreciated that pursuit of pleasure might itself result in pain.† (Banks, pg. 253) Around the time of the middle ages Hedonism was denounced because Christian philosophers believed it was inconsistent with the Christian emphasis on avoiding sin and doing God’s will. Because of the 19th century ethical theory of utilitarianism philosophers such as Mill and Bentham developed and refined Hedonism. Bentham believed that the value of pleasure could be quantitatively understood, and Mill on the other hand preferred a qualitative approach dependent on the mix of higher quality pleasures and lower quality, simple pleasures. (Branch/ Doctrine) Hedonism Contribution to the Criminal Justice System What does hedonism contribute to the criminal justice system? Hedonism is used to understand criminal behavior. Behavior such as why they commit the crimes they do. There is psychological reasoning for everything that happens in our lives. A criminal has a pattern and with this pattern there comes habits. These habits can contribute to an investigation and crime scene. If behavioral patterns of criminals are studied then the rate of crime can decrease because of hedonism. According to the theory of hedonism, people are supposed to aim towards pleasure and seek pleasure. As I mentioned before psychological hedonism aim is to display pleasure. When applied to criminal justice psychological hedonism makes a proposal those criminals actions are based on motivation. On the other hand ethical hedonism states that pursuit for pleasure is normative. Looking from a classical perspective crime is seen as the result of a free will decision meaning it is guided by the plain pleasure principle. The plain pleasure principle refers to people acting in a way that maximizes pleasure and minimizes pain. People are hedonistic when they naturally seek pleasure as every opportunity to avoid pain. When dealing with Hedonism and crime you think of deterrence. The deterrence theory states that people don’t commit crimes because they are afraid of getting caught but because they are motivated by some deep moral sense. When pain is associated with any type of crime the punishment is greater than the pleasure derived from the crime. There is a general problem with the theory of crime. First, deterrence is not effective in criminal justice. I think this because apprehension is low. Secondly, hedonism towards short term gratification must come from somewhere. (Damer, Pg 33) If applying the theory of hedonism to why criminals commit crimes, it suggest that everyone acts in a different way, analyzing. If the criminal justice system can get to know the criminal then patterns and thoughts can be established. If hedonism is based on pleasure that is the highest good, can it be proven otherwise? I will mention some examples that would support the reasons that pleasure are not the highest good. For instance; let’s think about child molesters. These people get a high from raping children. It is ethically wrong in any nature. If you refer back to hedonism this act would be considered good because the rapist is receiving pleasure. A Hedonist may argue that this is not a good example and that is not the pleasure they speak of because it the long run it will have a bad impact regardless. Sooner or later the rapist/molester will be sentenced to a long life in prison and he will receive much more pain then pleasure. According to Hedonism how is one ought to live? The text gives the answer that â€Å"the good life consists of a life of pleasure and that a person ought to act in such a way as to acquire pleasure.† (Banks) When referring back to the beginning with Greek philosopher Epicurus, he attempted to find pleasures that did not produce painful consequences. Instead he did find that pleasure might be accompanied with pain. He uses the example that, friendship can be accompanied by depression and sadness at the death of a close friend. I’m pretty sure everyone has gone through some type of loss in their life. According to Epicurus he finds it difficult to see how ethical hedonism can function as a guide for behavior in the everyday lives of people. He states advising a person to seek pleasure is often also advice to seek pain. (Banks) Hedonism is an ethical theory that states pleasure is the highest good and proper aim of human life. It requires that everyone conducts themselves in ways that acquire reasonable pleasure. Criminal justice professionals can use this theory to find patterns of criminal activity and understand why those actions are used. When referring to ethics and what are morally right and wrong hedonism can play a small part. Distinguishing between pleasure and pain and how to use it depends on the person. For example, if I choose to commit a crime using my own free will that is based on my judgment and no one else I will still understand that whatever I do can give me pleasure or cause me pain in the long run. When committing a crime you do way the pros and cons and make a conscious decision. Some may probably say pleasure? Or pain? In conclusion there is much criminal justice theory that tries to pin point what people think before they put themselves in danger with criminal actions. References Banks, C. (2013). Criminal justice ethics: Theory and practice (3rd Ed.). United States of America: Sage Publications, Inc. Hedonistic utilitarianism. (1998). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Rudebusch, G. (1999). Socrates, pleasure, and value. New York: Oxford University Press.

Internet Marketing Assignment Essay

E-Commerce describes any business to consumer transactions that take place partly or solely online and is not limited to the purchase of physical products from a website – although that does make up a key component of most e-commerce businesses. Some services or products are sold purely online while other companies may have physical stores or headquarters in addition to their online presence. E-Business describes any business to business transactions that take place online. For example a Web Design company often doesn’t sell products directly to consumers, but instead creates websites as a service for other companies, which will in turn be used to sell products or services to consumers. The internet has revolutionised the way companies do business. The shift in the way people shop has had a big impact on both the micro environments – the individual companies and their direct stakeholders; and the macro environment – politics, economy and society as a whole. â€Å"The death of the  high street† has been an obvious effect of these changes with many stores shutting down. Those who fail to keep up with these changes will be more likely to feel the negative consequences – as was the case with HMV and Blockbuster, who were forced into administration as competing online services took over their market share. For those who do keep up however, business is booming. iTunes, Amazon and Netflix are Blockbuster’s and HMV’s online equivalents and all three have billions of users from all around the globe. While the amount of jobs available in retail positions has been on a steady decline over recent years the demand for skilled workers in the IT sector is bigger than ever – so much so that there is a shortage of candidates and many roles go unfilled. A report issued by the government regarding the UK cyber security strategy highlighted that the â€Å"current and future ICT and cyber security skills gap† was a â€Å"key challenge† in implementing the strategy. (National Audit Office, 2013) To address this problem the education system needed to be changed, as of 2014 children as young as 5 will be learning advanced computing as part of the curriculum. Higher Education institutes will also likely have to reassess their course material to accommodate the new generation of students who will be leaving school with more in depth knowledge of computer systems and software development. Consumers gain many benefits from e-commerce, they now have the choice of shopping from an almost unlimited choice of companies from all around the world. Comparing prices and finding out what other customers thought of a product is also made much easier by the internet. The change in peoples shopping habits has changed the way companies advertise, huge marketing budgets for prime-time TV commercials are no longer the only way to get noticed and the potential audience is now global. Elements of Internet Marketing Traditional styles of advertising such as TV, newspapers, magazines, billboards etc are based on an â€Å"interruption† model. A show is interrupted by TV advert; music is interrupted by a radio advert; the flow of an article is interrupted by a magazine article, etc. This style of advertising persisted and still exists today in many places – but more and more companies are realising that demanding a customer’s attention in this way online does not yield good results. Some elements of internet marketing are examined below. Search Engines Organic search results account for a significant percentage of internet traffic. (The actual number is hard to measure for reasons discussed in the â€Å"Internet Marketing Tools† section on page 11). Regardless of the specifics it is widely accepted that organic search results are where a huge amount of a websites visitors come from. Search Engine Optimisation is therefore a vital part of a marketing strategy. Paid advertising through search engines may also be considered for extra exposure but is no substitute for a properly designed site structure and key word rich, quality content for search engine robots to crawl. Often good practices for SEO also embody good practices for UX design and accessibility; humans and robots alike prefer sites that are easy to navigate and have well-structured content that makes use of headings and sections to make it easy to read; as well as alt tags on all images that give a clear description of what that image depicts; with internal and external links within the content when the context is relevant. In the early days of search engines keywords were all that mattered, so it was easy to rank high on Google simply by stuffing as many keywords into the headers meta-tag as possible. Key word meta-tags are now obsolete and search engines have become much more sophisticated. (Google, 2011) As well as  crawling site structure and content to determine the quality of a page search-bots also judge the integrity of a page. They do this by keeping track of how many external sources link to it – at first, this encouraged â€Å"link farms† (a company would pay for a web traffic boosting service, which would churn out their site’s URL over a network of dummy sites set up purely for the purpose of creating links) – as search engines evolved this method is no longer as effective. Google now has algorithms that also measure the integrity of the sites that the links come from to provide users with more relevant results. Ranking high on Google for certain keywords is a long process, a new website has to build up a reputation, get their content shared and linked by others in an organic way – by having an article shared on social media for example – not through a link farm. Google strives for excellence by constantly improving its algorithms, they want to offer their visitors relevant search results so people continue to use their service and marketing strategies have to adapt if they want to keep up. Organic search results are a perfect example of marketing that doesn’t feel like marketing to potential customers. They are using search engines to find something specific – the hard work has been done for you, they already want to buy something or have some sort of problem solved – and if good practices for SEO have been implemented there’s no reason a website they find through Google would be irrelevant and not what they’re looking for, Google’s algorithms make sure of that and there are no shortcuts or cheats to trick them. A site filled with links and crammed with keywords for the sole purpose of getting more people to visit your website achieves nothing, if they click on it and it isn’t relevant to what they’re looking for they won’t just buy your product or service anyway, they will leave. The amount of time people spend on a website and the actions they take there (signing up for a newsletter, making a purchase, et c) is all tracked by Google and used as part of the algorithms to determine the quality and integrity of a website. Banner Ads Banner Advertisements are based on the classic interruption model and the  vast majority of internet users don’t like them; and a huge percentage use software to block them completely. This has been determined multiple times over the years by a number of different researchers. One study conducted by the Norman Neilson Group, experts in Usability Heuristics, found that most users will completely ignore anything that looks like an advert – even when it’s not; and even when it provides them with the information they are looking for. In one study participants were asked to find the population of the United States using the U.S Census Bureau website – which was presented in large red numbers on the right hand side of the home page. 86% of users ignored it because it looked like an advert, it was bold and placed in the location that adverts are traditionally placed so was disregarded, despite containing the exact information they were looking for. The pie chart shows an overall representation of the behaviour exhibited by users on the site. In a different study eye tracking software and real time observation was used to measure exactly where people look on a website and how they interact with its various elements. In summary the study found that: â€Å"Users rarely look at display advertisements on websites. Of the 4 design elements that do attract a few ad fixations, one is unethical and reduces the value of advertising networks.† (Nielsen, 2007) The four design elements in question that users have been found to give their attention are: text, faces, cleavage/other body parts (â€Å"sex sells† still rings true for internet marketing) and obnoxious, intruding banner advertisements. Banners that sit and do nothing are considered a more ethical way of advertising, unfortunately studies show that ones that make sounds, pop up into the users line of sight or are animated attract more attention. However, just because a person is more likely to look at an obnoxious ad, that doesn’t mean they will click on it and be prepared to hand over payment details. I feel â€Å"Banner Blindness† should be taken more seriously than it currently is and companies need to find alternative methods of advertising, as this form has been proven to be ineffective for well over a decade now. (The same study with the same findings was first conducted by the NN group  in 1997.) Social Media Websites such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, etc are no longer just the domain of a young tech-savvy audience. Data collected from a survey conducted by Princeton Survey Research Associates International found that Social Media usage has increased by 800% since 2005. In contrast, TV viewership has decreased by 50% in the same time frame. The graph below shows the findings, broken down by age  Social media marketing can connect businesses with millions of potential customers. Not only that, it can be done for free; unlike television and other traditional methods of advertising that require a substantial investment up front with virtually no guarantee of a return. Paid advertising on Social Media can also be tailored to target a specific audience. The ads can be set up to only display to those who will be the most likely to click on it. A bar advertising for fresher’s week for example could target their ads at students who were over 18 and living in the local area. Strategic Content The use of strategic content ties in with SEO and Social Media marketing; it involves creating content (as a blog for example) that is useful or interesting in some way (as well as relevant to the business) to encourage visitors to come to a website. From an SEO standpoint this will make the site rich with content, keywords and links which can result in higher rankings on search engines which means visitors are more likely to find your website. For example a company specialising in web design may have a design and technology blog providing expert information and up to date news on technology, or perhaps a section featuring tutorials and templates. Providing free content that’s similar to what you’re trying to sell can seem counter intuitive but it helps cultivate trust, it provides evidence that the company knows what it’s talking about and gives potential customers an overview of how things are done. Content can be shared around social media, and if it’s interesting or informative people may share it with their  friends which results in more exposure. Partnerships Forming mutually beneficial deals with other companies and cross promoting each other can widen the audience they both reach. Youtube and Twitch for example are used as platforms for gamers and game publishers to work together; publishers provide high influence content creators with early access to games, which they broadcast to all their fans. The content creators gain more views and in return more people get to hear about the game and see how it plays – making them more likely to buy it. This kind of promotion doesn’t cost either party any money but is beneficial and profitable for everyone involved. All of these elements (and others) tailored to fit the needs of the company combine to create what’s commonly referred to among marketing professionals as â€Å"The Marketing Mix.† The Marketing Mix The Marketing Mix: a phrase first used by Neil Borden in his paper â€Å"The Concept of the Marketing Mix† has become a well-known term for describing the strategies formulated to advertise services and products. One of the most widely used marketing mix paradigms is â€Å"The Four Ps†; proposed by E J McCarthy in 1964. The Four Ps are: Product Whether it be a tangible item or a service, first and foremost you need something to sell. What do customers want to buy? What features does your product or service need to fulfil the needs of your potential customers? Place In the past, brick and mortar stores and catalogues were the only two options  to consider, the internet has made a global market much easier to reach but has also made the market much more competitive. Companies need to consider where customers might look for their product. Is a physical location required or can the business exist solely online? The pros and cons of each would need to be considered, for example a small start-up clothing store would be competing with huge corporations such as Primark, Debenhams, etc while paying for expensive running costs of a brick store, stock storage and paying for staff wages. Online, that same start-up company would still be competing with those same corporations as on the high street, plus a huge other array of smaller or medium sized online outlets. However the running costs and risks of an online-only start-up are minimal. A company can exist solely as a part of a larger organisation such as Ebay or Etsy; many who start out this way and find success then choose to invest in their own website for selling their products without the middle man. Some then may also go on to open high-street stores, for example Simple Be existed as a purely online business at first before investing in physical stores; which have an advantage over online only clothing stores as customers can try things on and won’t have to worry about complicated returns procedures. Price Finding the right price for a product or service is a balancing act. Price too high for your target market and nobody will buy. Pricing too low not only means lower profit margins but can also label your product as â€Å"cheap† which may not be an image the company wants to convey. Apple are a perfect example of hitting the perfect price to quality ratio for their products target market. Apple products are hugely popular despite being comparable in technical specifications to other, lower priced competing devices. Ken Segall, Apples former marketing executive, said himself that â€Å"Apple doesn’t do cheap† stating in his blog that Apple â€Å"makes products for people who care about design, simplicity, quality and a great experience — and are willing to pay more for these things. For Apple to compromise in any of these areas would be a violation of the Prime Directive.† (Segall, 2014) Apple products are desirable because they’re seen by their fans as the most prestigious and high quality brand, this image would be diminished if the products were  cheaper; as was demonstrated by the relatively low sales of the iPhone 5C which was made of plastic and lower in price than other Apple devices (Though still much more expensive than competing brands). Promotion A great product won’t sell if nobody knows about it, but similarly a terrible product won’t sell well no matter how much time and money goes into advertising. The point of advertising is to convinced potential customers that your product or service will add value to their life in some way that’s relative to the price they would pay for it. This model can be applied to a wide range of services and products as it is non-specific and can easily be tailored to fit the needs of the business using it. It all boils down to putting the right product in the right place at the right price. Several alternatives and additions have been suggested by marketing experts and academics alike in the interest of creating a marketing mix that’s more relevant in an industry that has changed in ways nobody could have predicted. When the 4P’s were first introduced in the 60’s the internet as we know it today did not exist so it’s reasonable to say new strategies and updated methodologies are required. Some additions that have been suggested include â€Å"people† – encouraging good customer service and a good working environment for employees. â€Å"Process† – looking at ways to streamline and reduce costs in both producing the product and how the business is run. â€Å"Physical Evidence† – Could be in the form of endorsements, customer testimonials and feedback or any awards the company may have achieved. Another popular paradigm that evolved from the original 4P’s is the â€Å"Four C’s† model – proposed by R.F. Lauterborn in 1993. Customer/Clients The customers are the driving force behind any business, so an organisation  should ask themselves what they can do for their customers – what needs and wants to they have and how can you help? Cost How much will it cost the customers, are they getting good value? If your product is more expensive than competitors, why? Does it offer superior quality? If it’s cheaper, again customers will want to know why, will they be compromising on quality? Or does the business create lower costs by streamlining internal processes and passing the savings on to the consumer? Convenience People buy things that they believe will make their lives easier or enhance it in some way; and when they want something they want it to be easy to find and simple to purchase. For example a clean, uncluttered website that makes finding and buying products easy will tend to sell more than one with confusing navigation and a lengthy checkout process. Communication All promotion and advertising is a way of communicating with customers, a way to get your message and brand out into the world and let people know what your product is and why people should buy it. Companies who stay engaged with their customers cultivate trust and loyalty which earns them repeat business and recommendations. This model is essentially the same as the original version but is designed to encourage organisations to look at things from the customer’s point of view. There are merits to both sides of the debate over whether the 4P’s need revamping. On the one hand the original is broad enough for marketing executives to use as a very rough guide to shaping their own unique strategy. On the other hand in an ever changing industry improvements on old practices is a good thing – how can the world evolve if change is not  embraced? Doing things simply because that’s the way they have always been done may cause a company to stagnate and lose market share for not being innovative enough. I would like to propose my own take on the marketing mix, the 4E’s model: Excellence No matter the product or service, striving to be the best at what you do is a good goal to aim for. This is more easily achieved if a business focuses on one particular area rather becoming a jack of all trades and a master of none. Take for example the gaming company Mojang, who were recently purchased by Microsoft for $2.5billion. They developed one game – Minecraft – and they did it so well that it became more than just a simple browser game. It’s now an integral part of pop culture for this generations gamers with a huge diverse community that’s still growing 5 years on. Similarly, Facebook bought Instagram for $1billion after it dominated the mobile photo sharing market and WhatsApp for a staggering $19billion – a simple messaging service that took off in popularity and quickly overtook market share from the big players like Microsoft and Google. (CNN Money, 2014) Facebook itself started as a simple project and is now one of the most powerful corporations in the world – buying off any competitors is one way to keep that lead. A simple concept executed well can change the world. Engagement Social media and the internet in general have made communicating with customers easier than ever before. The best way to figure out what consumers want is to ask them. A business selling food products for example could engage with their customers by making a post on social media asking what different flavours they would like to see. This not only gives the company a firm idea of how popular a new product would be, it also generates buzz and makes the customers feel more involved in the process – making them more likely to actually buy said product when it’s released. Creating quality, relevant content for a website – perhaps in the form of a blog – gives  customers a reason to regularly visit a website. Using a food company as an example again, they could have a recipe section on their website. Maybe even a community section where others could post and share their own recipes. If these recipes are good quality it can lead to people thinking: â€Å"If the free recipes are this good, just imagine how great the food they sell will be!† – turning casual visitors into paying customers. Ease Allow potential customers to make informed decisions by providing them with information about what’s on offer in a way that’s easy to understand and easy to access – similarly ensure to make the process of handing over their money once they’ve decided to buy quick and easy. With an uncountable number of websites in existence a potential customer can be lost very easily if they can’t find what they’re looking for or find any part of the process difficult – they will simply go elsewhere. Economy Finding the right price for a product or service can still be as tricky today as it’s always been with one exception – information on competitors and target markets is readily available. Even in a niche market there are likely to be several competitors operating at varying scales of price and quality. The goal is not necessarily to undercut everybody and become the cheapest but to find the right balance of cost and quality – most people are happy to pay a little bit more for a higher quality product as long as they can justify that it will be worth the investment. Similarly there are many people who will buy the cheapest option available regardless of quality. Establishing a target market and researching purchasing habits can give a company a good idea of where to price themselves to be competitive and profitable. An expensive product can still be considered economical if its benefits are proportionate to its cost. In the end, any model is only as good as the implementation. Knowing the concepts behind a good marketing strategy isn’t the same as having the  skills to plan, implement and maintain them. Internet marketing campaigns take time. It takes time to gain enough followers on social media to start fully engaging with a target market; it takes time to create a catalogue of high quality strategic content and it takes time to build up consumer trust. Internet marketing isn’t as simple as making a Facebook page and uploading the company logo – the internet is an interactive medium. It’s not a billboard, it’s more a large ongoing focus group. Internet Marketing Tools One of the biggest advantages internet marketing has over traditional marketing is the fact the effectiveness of a campaign can be more accurately measured and analysed. Television adverts are measured in terms of how many people have viewed it; beyond that it’s mostly guesswork; it’s very difficult to measure how many people saw a television advert and then went on to perform the desired action (such as go to a store and buy a product, or make a phone call to enquire about a service). With internet marketing everything that happens as the result of a campaign can be tracked every step of the way. An email marketing campaign for example can be tracked to see how many people opened the email, how many then visited the website (known as the click through rate) – from there it can also track what the visitor did while they were on the website. How much time they spent there, which pages they visited, whether or not they purchased something – or if they abandoned their cart in the process of trying to make a purchase. Other details such as which device the customer was using, their location, age and previous browsing habits may also be tracked. Making use of tools such as Google Analytics can show at a glance the raw data related to any aspect of a visitors habits. There are many other tools on the market but Google Analytics is the most widely used and it integrates well with SEO – Google have built up a giant network of partners and billions of websites have tracking codes. Individual companies can access their own data to analyse but Google has access to everything and have built  up a database of browsing habit data they use to improve their algorithms – as well as sell to third parties (such as Facebook). This creates a constant feedback loop for everyone involved. This raw data however, is fairly useless if a company does not know how to analyse it and make use of the information. Some raw data has obvious implications – for example if a company finds that the majority of visitors are using a mobile device and their site is not fully accessible on mobile, they should look into optimising their site for mobile users to accommodate the needs of their customers. Other times the data is only the starting point, it must be analysed before it becomes useful information that can be applied in a practical way. Tracking tools can give answers to the questions â€Å"how†, â€Å"when† and â€Å"where† with a high degree of accuracy. â€Å"Who?† can be answered to a point, the approximate age of visitors can be tracked, as can their previous browsing habits which may give some insight into their likes and needs. The one question raw data cannot answer is â€Å"Why?† – Why do visitors behave the way they do? Why do some e-commerce shoppers add items to a cart and then abandon it during the checkout process? Why was the click through rate low/high for a particular campaign? Surveys and social media can be used as tools for getting answers to these questions. Once the quantitative data from tracking tools have provided a starting point, specific questions can be posed to collect qualitative data. Together they can give a company a lot of valuable information to help them improve future campaigns and the way they do business in general. Facebook has its own analytics tools called â€Å"Facebook Insights† – it works in a similar way to Google Analytics but is more focused around Facebook pages and ads. Facebook insights shows how many people saw a particular post (reach), how many responded to the post (engagement), and other information such as visitors ages and interests – based on what other pages they have â€Å"liked† on Facebook. Facebook Insights can be used to determine which posts get the most likes and  shares, which lets companies know what their audience is likely to respond to so they can tailor future posts accordingly. It can also provide information about when visitors engage with the page so future posts can be scheduled to post at a time when the highest reach is likely to be achieved. Combined with the data from Google analytics social media marketing campaigns and posts can be tracked down to the fine details. If these posts lead to strategic content tracking can be broken down into stages to measure the quality of a websites content. Many websites use this strategy, Cracked being one of them. Cracked are an entertainment website who post funny/interesting articles, columns, videos and podcasts. When a new piece of content is posted, their social media team make posts to advertise it to followers. Facebook Insights will provide the tracking information about reach, likes and engagement and Google Analytics takes over once visitors have clicked through. Cracked split up their articles into several pages – they could easily fit the content onto a single page – so why split it up? One reason is usability, pages load quicker with less content on and readers are less likely to feel overwhelmed by a huge wall of text than they are several manageable chunks. Another reason is SEO – the more pages and links robots have to crawl, the higher the site is likely to rank on search engine results. Instead of one page per article related to certain keywords – there are 2-4 pages per article. Finally, splitting articles up into several pages allows tracking analytics to be performed in stages. How many people got to the end of the first page and deemed the content interesting enough to click on the â€Å"read more† link? How many read the whole thing? How many dropped out and where did they tend to do it? This can help determine weak spots in content and the company can then  formulate a plan to improve the situation. It can also be used to further engage visitors who seem to be enjoying the content – the final page of an article could for example act as a trigger for a pop-up box that prompts to visitor to sign up for a newsletter. If a visitor has enjoyed an article it’s relatively safe to assume they would like to see more – the same is not true for a visitor who has only just landed on the home page. They haven’t read anything yet, why would they want to sign up for a newsletter? As mentioned in a previous section, tracking data does have its limitations that marketers have to be aware of to properly interpret the data their tools produce. Specifically – direct traffic can be difficult to differentiate from all other types of traffic. This makes analysing the effectiveness of marketing campaigns less straight forward than it seems. In a nutshell, whenever a referrer is not passed traffic is marked as direct. What this means is a glance at an analytics report may suggest that 50% of a sites traffic is direct, meaning the visitor typed the URL directly into their browser. The report could for example state organic search accounted for 40% and advertisements 10%. If a company is putting significant resources into advertising and seeing those kinds of numbers they may decide it isn’t worth it and seek to make changes. While in reality direct traffic may only account for 20% while ads account for 30%, making the cost per conversion rate much more favourable. There are a multitude of reasons a referrer may not be passed to the tracking software that results in traffic being incorrectly marked as direct. For example many people make use of ad blocking software – that often have clauses that allow for non-intrusive advertising. While users of this software can see and click on non-intrusive ads, the software blocks the server response required to pass the referral to the tracking software. Many browsers now offer a â€Å"do not track† option to offer additional privacy to users, turning on this setting also blocks tracking requests. Some people may perform a search for something or click on an advertisement but not make a purchase right at that moment and instead choose to come back later – by  typing in the URL directly; so their visit and subsequent purchase is marked as direct when it was really the result of a campaign. As more users become increasingly concerned with privacy tracking and tailored advertising becomes more difficult. Making use of marketing tools makes the process easier but they are still only tools – their usefulness is determined by the skill of the person utilising them. Interactive Order Processing Order processing is obviously an important part of e-commerce, an online catalogue isn’t much use if people can’t actually purchase anything. As mentioned in previous sections, the process of placing an order should be made as easy as possible for the customers. Once a customer has decided they would like to hand over some money – a company should not distract them in any way. Some companies at this point might be tempted to upsell, cross promote or place advertising on the checkout pages but in almost all situations this is a mistake. If the customer gets annoyed at the ads they will leave. If they can’t figure out how to continue with the checkout process because the design is cluttered or otherwise hard to use they will leave. If they don’t feel confident about the legitimacy of the company or doubt the security of the checkout process they will leave. Upselling attempts should be handled carefully. Bombard customers will too many options and they may get distracted by browsing, decide not to check out and instead leave it for later – they may not come back. Relevant promotions should be advertised at this point or ideally added to the cart automatically. For example if orders over a certain amount receive free shipping this should be prominently displayed within the cart and applied automatically when the threshold is reached – customers like to feel like they’re getting good value so if they see it will only take them a small amount extra to receive free shipping they may decide to add a few more items. Argos successfully uses this technique every year during the build up to Christmas – they offer a  £5 voucher for anyone spending over  £50 and  £10 for anyone spending over  £100. This promotion is prominently displayed all over their website, catalogues and physical stores. Rather than offering a discount on the current purchase, they encourage repeat business by offering money off the next purchase. This has a twofold effect – customers will buy a little more than they planned in order to get the voucher and then spend even more after that to use said voucher (not many items can be bought for under  £5 or  £10 and no change is issued – to further encourage customers to use their voucher in full and pay a little extra on top rather than waste any of it). If adding additional items can be done without the customer leaving the checkout this will further increase the success of upselling attempts. Both Domino’s and Asda integrate upselling into the checkout process. Dominos uses a sidebar next to the main checkout area displaying a selection of small items (sides, desserts, drinks) with a small discount applied – visitors can click â€Å"add to order† and the total is updated on the page without taking them elsewhere. Asda displays a selection of items that the customer has previously ordered, but are not currently in the cart with the heading â€Å"Have you forgotten anything?† This can be helpful to the customer because they may have indeed forgotten something, and Asda in return make additional sales. Businesses can track the behaviour of their customers and analytics tools can be used to determine if a checkout design is working. The tale of â€Å"The $300 Million Button† published in Luke Wroblewski’s book â€Å"Web Form Design: Filling in the Blanks† contributed by Jared M. Spool is an excellent example of just how important the design of the checkout process is. The piece describes a company who decided to examine their checkout process – which featured a login and registration screen after customers clicked  Ã¢â‚¬Å"checkout†. Their designers reasoned that making registration non-optional would encourage repeat business; and customers wouldn’t mind logging in to take advantage of quicker checkouts in the future. Spool was called in to analyse the checkout design; his team put together a focus group, gave them all a budget and a shopping list and asked them to checkout from the site. Upon being presented with the login form many participants were not sure if they had used the site before; and attempted many unsuccessful logins before clicking the â€Å"Forgot Password?† button. Many times this was unsuccessful as they couldn’t remember which email address they used. Others who were sure they had not previously registered were reluctant to do so. One shopper is quoted as saying â€Å"I’m not here to enter into a relationship. I just want to buy something.† Many stated that they felt the company just wanted to use their details for spam and others were concerned about privacy. Upon examining tracking analytics for the site the team discovered that 45% of users had multiple registrations and over 160,000 â€Å"Lost Password† requests were being sent every day. 75% of these never returned to the site to complete the lost password process and ergo did not complete the checkout process. Spools team suggested the design was changed to make registration optional. The â€Å"register† button was changed to â€Å"Continue† with the message â€Å"You do not need to create an account to make purchases on our site. Simply click Continue to proceed to checkout. To make your future purchases even faster, you can create an account during checkout.† This simple change resulted in the number of customers purchasing increasing by 45%. The extra purchases resulted in an extra $15 million in the first month and $300million after the first year. Businesses also need to take into consideration security when implementing an e-commerce system. A secure payment gateway must be used to make submitting customer financial and personal information safe. Similarly this data needs  to be stored securely and kept up to date to comply with the Data Protection Act. Any company accepting card payments (not only online) must also comply with PCI-DSS (Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard). If a company does not comply with PCI and DPA standards they run the risk of customer details being leaked which could lead to fraud. This is obviously bad for the customers whose details get stolen but would also damage the reputation of the company and destroy consumer trust – as well as earn them huge fines from governing bodies. For small or start-up companies the cost, time and knowledge required to set up and maintain a payment gateway may feel like too much. In that case there are 3rd party services such as PayPal and Google Checkout which can act as a middle man between the merchant and customer. The business doesn’t have to worry about keeping customer details secure if they don’t store them and instead allow PayPal or similar to handle it. There are fees involved that work on a percentage basis, the more you earn, the more you pay. Additional fees are also charged for withdrawals. PayPal in particular has become an internationally recognised brand and most shoppers are now happy to use them – so a small company won’t lose out on too many customers from not offering alternative payment options. Most third party payment processing companies offer a â€Å"free† (other than fees) service which hosts the shopping cart external to the main e-commerce site; and a premium subscription service which allows full integration of the shopping cart into the website. For minimal cost and effort a small company can use the externally hosted cart while bigger companies may choose to invest in a more seamless user experience for their customers. The web environment allows for scalability, businesses are free to start small with minimal risk and expand at their own pace. References CNN Money, 2014. Facebook buys WhatsApp for $19 billion. [Online] Available at: http://money.cnn.com/2014/02/19/technology/social/facebook-whatsapp/ Google, 2011. Google does not use the keywords meta tag in web ranking. [Online] Available at: http://googlewebmastercentral.blogspot.co.uk/2009/09/google-does-not-use-keywords-meta-tag.html Mojang, 2014. Yes We Were Bought By Microsoft. [Online] Available at: http://mojang.com/2014/09/yes-were-being-bought-by-microsoft/ National Audit Office, 2013. The UK cyber security strategy: Landscape review. [Online] Available at: http://www.nao.org.uk/report/the-uk-cyber-security-strategy-landscape-review/ Nielsen, J., 2007. Banner Blindness Old and New Findings. [Online] Available at: http://www.nngroup.com/articles/banner-blindness-old-and-new-findings/ Optimize Smart, n.d. You’re doing Google Analytics all wrong, here’s why. [Online] Available at: http://www.optimizesmart.com/google-analytics-wrong-why/ Segall, K., 2014. Apple’s adventures in plastic. [Online] Available at: http://kensegall.com/2014/02/apples-adventures-in-plastic/ Figure 1: How users interacted with the Population Finder4 Available at: http://www.nngroup.com/articles/fancy-formatting-looks-like-an-ad/ Fancy Formatting, Fancy Words = Looks Like a Promotion = Ignored JAKOB NIELSEN September 4, 2007 Figure 2: Social Media Useage over time, broken down by age5 Available at: http://www.pewinternet.org/2013/08/05/72-of-online-adults-are-social-networking-site-users/ 72% of Online Adults are Social Networking Site Users OANNA BRENNER, AARON SMITH August 5, 2013

The Causes of Obesity Essay - 1363 Words

America has become a society obsessed with appearance, especially weight. We are conditioned at a young age to believe the only way to be normal is to be thin. This norm is projected to millions of Americans each day through television, magazines, billboards and every other form of media and advertising. How are people to know acceptance and happiness with themselves and others when our culture propagates what the perfect body should be. It is the search for the elusive, perfect body that has created a thirty- three billion dollars a year weight loss industry. Yet few reduce their body fat and even fewer maintain their weight loss beyond two to three years. This leads to yo-yo dieting and increased low self-esteem of people†¦show more content†¦However, leptin is still very much in early experimental stages, because even though it may gauge how much fat you have it does not at this point tell how much you want. Another recent breakthrough was the discovery of unocortin. Unocortin appears to suppress appetite when the body is under severe stress. It is a cousin of the brain chemical that generates the bodys fight or flight response. Unocortin was discovered at the Salk Institute, when a researcher was studying a neuropeptide which activates body stress reactors. He noticed receptors in parts of the brain where the chemical did not exist. However, it may be a long time before unocortin is actually a consumer drug. At this time, the only way unocortin works is to be directly injected into the brain. A company called Neurocin Biosciences, is already researching the brain receptor unocortin locks onto to work. For now, the serotonin reuptake inhibitor drugs are the only diet drugs being used in the U.S. These drugs work by affecting eating behavior. Eating behavior is the result of a mixture of neurotransmitters. The link between serotonin and eating disorders was discovered in the early 1980s. The serotonin inhibitors include Lovan, Redux and phen-fen (Phentermine and Fenfluramine). Phen-fen is the drug combination currently recieving so much attention. Phentermine is similar to an amphetamine and it works to increase metabolic rate.Show MoreRelatedThe Causes Of Obesity And Obesity1508 Words   |  7 PagesCauses of Obesity When it comes to people health, what usually comes up in mind? People may think of some disease, such as cancer or stroke, but nobody thinks about Obesity, which has become one of the biggest issues in America. Obesity is the accumulation of unnecessary body fat. It is a lifestyle disease that is spreading fast worldwide. This disease is affecting individuals of all age, ethnicity, and gender. As we all know, America has an extended history of solving complex problems, but it seemsRead MoreThe Causes Of Obesity And Obesity1519 Words   |  7 PagesAaron Heiden Robert S. Pilsner WR 121 17 March 2013 The Causes of Obesity Many people speculate that obesity is genetic, but is it? Is childhood obesity caused by a lack of exercise, an unhealthy diet, or both? Obese people, or more commonly referred to as fat people or overweight people, are defined as adults who’s BMI (body mass index) is over 30 percent. There have always been overweight people in human society, but the rate of growth for this percentage of our population has been steadily risingRead MoreThe Causes Of Obesity And Obesity1032 Words   |  5 PagesThe Causes of Obesity Obesity is not just a cosmetic concern; it also increases your risk for cancer, diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure, and muscular skeletal disorders. It is estimated that obesity affects more than a third of the American adult population and seventeen percent of the American children population (Moores, 2005). Obesity has many definitions; one of the many definitions is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have a negativeRead MoreCauses Of Obesity756 Words   |  4 Pagescosts of care for treating three diseases. Obesity, Diabetes, and high blood pressure are the most spreading diseases in the United States and cost the country a huge amount of money for treatments. Obesity or the extra weight harms health in many ways. It raises the danger of developing circumstances, such as diabetes, osteoarthritis, heart disease, and some types of cancers, to name just a few, and cuts the life distance. Treating obesity or any obesity related situations costs the country billionsRead MoreObesity : Obesity Causes And Solutions1658 Words   |  7 PagesObesity Causes and Solutions In recent decades, obesity has grown to become considered an epidemic. In Natalie Boreo’s book â€Å"Killer Fat†, she discusses this obesity epidemic along with its social, political, economic, and moral influences. A number of factors contribute to the high instances of obesity; a person’s lifestyle, eating habits, culture, sedentary behaviors, activity levels, socioeconomic status, among many others. Sociologists seek to understand the physical, emotional and social influencesRead MoreCauses and Effects of Obesity823 Words   |  3 PagesObesity occurs in all countries and it is one of the gravest problems in modern society. Mankinds around the world are concerned about obesity. One of the chief causes is unhealthy diets. Obesity is also due to lack of exercise and lack of education and awareness. Therefore obesity has various effects include risk of suffering from a range of health conditions, large fiscal expenditure on medical insurance and lack of self- esteem. One of the chief causes is unhealthy diets. There are high-calorieRead MoreCauses of Childhood Obesity630 Words   |  3 Pageshowever, can be a problem to many children. This is referred to as obesity, when it occurs among children between ages 2 and 8 it is called childhood referred. Childhood obesity has been on the rise for the past few decades and it is making the lives of children shorter. Childhood obesity can be the outcome of many influences. Economic factors, an unmonitored environment, and lack of activity, are some effects of childhood obesity. To start with, the first and major reason causing children to beRead MoreThe Chief Causes Of Obesity1110 Words   |  5 PagesThe Chief Causes of Obesity As we all know the obesity has become a great problem for many people around the world. A research shows that 34.9% of adults in the United States are obese, and the money used for health problems relating to obesity has greatly increased. The estimated cost was $147 billion in 2008, and the cost for obese people were $1,429 higher than normal people (cdc.gov). There are a lot of factors which makes many Americans obese. The chief causes of obesity are bad food choicesRead MoreCauses Of Obesity In America1030 Words   |  5 PagesObesity is a big problem in the United States today. According to Harvard Womens Health Watch, â€Å"33% of American adults are obese, compared with 15% in the late 1970s. More than 60% of women are overweight or obese†. When it comes to losing weight, many people devotedly believe in the 80/20 rule, which is what and how a person eats is 80% of the effort in losing weight. This is somewhat disconcerting if these people live in America because of th e obesity epidemic currently going on, which is causedRead MoreThe Causes and Effects of Obesity686 Words   |  3 PagesCauses and Effects of Obesity Overview Obesity according to Birmingham and Treasure means there is an excess of adipose tissue (fat) in the body (195). Today, hardly a day goes without the mention of an obesity related issue in the news. In a way, obesity is increasingly becoming a national epidemic. As medical practitioners debate on whether or not obesity should be regarded a disease, policy makers are mulling over what course of action should be adopted so as to rein in the problem of obesity

Black Sox Scandal and Its Effect on America - 2032 Words

Scandals in Baseball and Its Effect on America Baseball has always been considered as American as apple pie. If that is true than cheating should be just as American. Ever since the creation of America’s favorite pastime, baseball, cheating has been a major part of the game. Each era of baseball has showed more complex ways of cheating the game. Although, cheating in baseball has been around since the introduction of the game, only few scandals have really made history. Some of the most famous scandals include the Black Sox Scandal, the gambling of Pete Rose, and the use of steroids by players to enhance their performance. Despite these corruptions the game has still managed to stay America’s most loved sport. Although cheating†¦show more content†¦Soon word got out to another gambler, Bill Burns. He approached Cicotte and offered him $100,000. Gandil and Cicotte met with Burns and agreed that they would do the fix as long as they got paid before the series began. Burns took off for New York with his b oxer friend Billy Maharg to meet with Arnold Rothstein, a big time gambler, to come up with the money for the fix. At first, Rothstein did not go for it but then Sullivan went to Rothstein with his plans for the fix totally laid out. Rothstein decided to get in on the fix. He sent one of his men to Chicago with $ 40,000 to give to Sullivan to give to the players and the rest would be distributed if the series went as planned. However, when Sullivan got the money he quickly gambled $30,000 and then gave $10,000 to Gandil. The players not happy with the amount that they got they decided that they would throw the first two games and then ask for more money. Gandil told Sullivan he needed more money before the fourth game or the fix was off, Sullivan complied and after the game Gandil gave $5,000 to each of the players except Weaver who apparently was not participating in the plan. â€Å"The series continued as planned and the White Sox lost the series to the Cincinnati Reds, †fi ve games to three† (findingdulcinea.com). Although, rumors about a possible fix had already been made before the 1919 World Series only one person paid attention to them, this man wasShow MoreRelatedBaseball Is America s Pastime2072 Words   |  9 Pages1919 World Series had been rigged. Hearts were broken and sadness spread across America. These crooked people didn’t intentionally try to ruin baseball but there were reasons why these men went astray. People didn’t want to believe it was true†¦ but it was. The Chicago White Sox had intentionally thrown the series and let the Cincinnati Reds win (encyclopedia). There began the painful tribulation of the Black Sox scandal. It was 1919 and everyone was gearing up for the World Series. The series wouldRead MoreScandal of Chicago White Sox and Cincinnati Reds1950 Words   |  8 Pagesthe Chicago White Sox and Cincinnati Reds went up against each other. They played only a eight game series because the Cincinnati Reds already had won five games after the eighth game was over which didn’t require them to go to the ninth game. Many people found it hard to believe that the Reds actually one the World Series because the White Sox were favored to win. The bookies made the odds seven to five favored on the Chicago White Sox to win. Believe it or not the Chicago White Sox actually let theRead MoreThe Scandal Of Black Sox Scandal1820 Words   |  8 PagesTitle: The Scandal that involves Black Sox Topic: The Black Sox Scandal General Purpose: To inform about the audience about the historical event known as the Black Sox scandal. Specific Purpose: To explain the owner mistreatment of the players, the details of the scandal, trail that followed, and the effects of the scandal had. Introduction Attention Material: In 1919, the Chicago White Sox, a major league baseball team located in Chicago, Illinois, was one of the best teams in baseball. They hadRead MoreThe Gilded Age Still Effect American Life Today1370 Words   |  6 PagesThe Gilded Age, also known as American urbanization, led to many employment opportunities, advances in transportation and sanitation, which improved overall standard of living. All advancements that took place in The Gilded Age still effect American life today. The rapid development of the cities in the 19th century served as both a separation and togetherness factor in American political, economic and social life. Cities in the area created a wealthy cross-section of the world’s population, makingRead Moreap us history dbq1672 Words   |  7 Pagespresent justices over the age of 70 did not retire. 10.The 1932 demonstration known as the â€Å"Bonus March† involved D.:-) World War I veterans demanding financial aid from the federal government. 11.Sinclair Lewis generally depicted small-town America as D.:-) dreary, prejudiced, and vulgar. 12.As president, Calvin Coolidge generally C.:-) kept government spending low and encouraged private business. 13.â€Å"We have nothing to fear but fear itself.† This statement is from C.:-) FranklinRead MoreAthletes and Steroid Use Essay1265 Words   |  6 PagesPresident of the United States feels that this is a big enough problem to mention in his State of the Union address, then this problem effects all Americans. Another way it effects all Americans is that US tax dollars are being used by the federal government to investigate the players who have been accused of using anabolic steroids. Finally, the steroid problem effects anyone who is a sports fan because these are the sports stars of our generation. If all of their accomplishments are negated by steroidsRead MoreMatch Fixing4067 Words   |  17 Pagesmotivations behind match fixing are gambling and future team advantage. [edit]Agreements with gamblers There may be financial gain through agreements with gamblers. The most infamous example of this in North America was the Black Sox Scandal of 1919, in which several members of the Chicago White Sox conspired with gamblers to fix the World Series. Perhaps one of the well-known example of gambling related race fixing (in motorsport) is the 1933 Tripoli Grand Prix, which the winner of the lottery was determinedRead MoreBaseball Is An American Pastime3059 Words   |  13 PagesThe punishments given right now are very simple. Most first time offenders receive a 50 game suspension without pay, and players who are caught a second time can receive a 100 game suspension without pay. I think the players are fed up with it. Red Sox catcher David Ross said. I think players want the MLB to drop the hammer on these guys. I don t know anyone who wants nothing but the worst possible consequences for the cheaters because they re taking jobs from kids coming up from the minors whoRead MoreThe Espionage Act Of 19172187 Words   |  9 Pagestheir means and buying things they usually could not afford such as the Ford car which cost about 300 dollars. They would make a down-payment and then make weekly or monthly payments after that. This was th e beginning of a materialistic society in America that still continues to this day. Due to the economic prosperity of the 1920s Americans had started to become preoccupied with material items and leisure activities. People now had the money to buy cars and radios, which became instrumental in FranklinRead MoreThe Benefits Of Legalizing Gambling Essay1909 Words   |  8 PagesDonaghy found himself in during the 2004 NBA season, when he was put under federal investigation for betting on games. Between that and the Pete Rose ongoing situation with the MLB, those are considered two of the worst scandals in sports history along with the most famous when the Black Sox threw the World Series in 1919. All of these, could be reoccurring situations, and could get worse if there were to be the legalization of sports betting. Another aspect would be the view of college athletes whether

The Age Of Five Years Old Essay - 839 Words

the age of five years old (UNICEF, 2013). Extreme poverty not only affects children, but millions of adults as well. The life expectancy rate of people in wealthy nations like the United States with access to regular medical treatment has risen to around seventy-eight years; while in developing countries like those of sub-Saharan Africa averages to fifty years (UNICEF, 2013). However, extreme poverty is not necessarily a death sentence, but those who live through it day-to-day suffer from disease and hunger. Lack of adequate food and nutrients results in malnutrition that causes severely impedes physical and mental development in children. Deficiency diseases are prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa due to poor diet. Furthermore, the food available is often ridden with parasites and harmful bacteria. The cause of parasites comes from poor sanitation and lack of proper health education. Suffering occurs in mentally as well as physically. Extreme poverty creates a state of powerlessness, a sense of shame, and vulnerability, which destroys the will of individuals or even whole communities (Singer, 2009). Furthermore, extreme poverty prevents many families from sending their children to school. While some families may not be able to send any of their children to school, others may have to make a choice of which child gets an education. The costs of tuition, fees, supplies, transportation, and uniforms might be low, but for impoverished families these costs become a major barrier.Show MoreRelatedThe Juvenile Age Of Just Five Years Old902 Words   |  4 PagesAt the juvenile age of just five years old I finally registered that I would always be different than the children I went to school with. I came from a parentless, poverty-stricken household, with one brother and four sisters. Now I only say I came from a parentless household due to my father working himself to death seven days out of the week, three hundred and sixty five days out of the year just to support my five siblings and I. Whereas my mother, well see, she was a meth addict. Her kids weren’tRead MoreMy Life At The Age Of Five Years Old I1140 Words   |  5 PagesStarting at the age of five years old I began the journey to graduation. I then chose to go to college right out of high school. I have always been afraid to break rules. I followed all instructions at school, home, and church to the best of my ability. I never questioned the rules or beliefs that were being taught to me because I did not believe that one should. As Seider (2012) describes, I was raised in â€Å"An environment structured around scholarship† (p.14). Many teachers molded my young mindRead MoreAge of Responsibility833 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿AGE OF RESPONSIBILITY The â€Å"Age of Responsibility†, 21, is a completely arbitrary age chosen unintelligibly by a group of men because twenty year olds still aren’t fully developed or trusted by society in general, and people don’t even develop at close enough rates to have a universal â€Å"Age of Responsibility†. No two people exactly the same, so people develop at different rates. â€Å"The fact that every person is different and develops at his own pace doesnt make the creation of policy any easierRead MoreNegative Effect Of Gender Stereotype1503 Words   |  7 Pageselaborate suggestions for future research. This study aim to assess children from 5 to 6 in novel and try hard games in order to demonstrates that girls’ intellectual abilities and interests in smart fields are affected by stereotype genders by the age of six. Additionally, it clearly states the variables and it addresses real world problems. The purpose proposed something new to previous research. Overall, the purpose was clear and concise. In terms of the hypothesis, it is not clear. The hypothesisRead MoreThe Denver II Developmental Screening1232 Words   |  5 PagesI completed the Denver II Developmental Screening on a five year old boy, initials B. F. The Denver II Developmental Screening test is designed to c ompare children’s performance on a selection of tasks in order to assess developmental problems and risk of developing these problems in the future. Nurses must be able to perform developmental screenings in order to identify factors that could hinder optimal health (Gaines, 2005, p. 522). Gaines, Jenkins Ash (2005) recommend that health screening activitiesRead MoreStages Of Children s Development1367 Words   |  6 Pagesthe period of early childhood because their play behavior develops dramatically. They may play independently but within close proximity. We learned the five types of play, Parten talks about in her article, which are Solitary Play, Onlooker Play, Parallel Play, Associative Play, and Cooperative Play. In addition, Parten also found that different ages correlate to the type of play preschool children engage in. For example, older preschool children are most likely to engage with one another and playRead MoreDevelopment Of Personality : Early And Middle Adulthood : Set Like Plaster Or Persistent Change? Essay843 Words   |  4 PagesChange? The five personality traits, a person, portray Neuroticism, Extroversion, Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, and Openness to experience. A person does have a small genetic bias relates to personality. Men and Women do have different genetic makeup that is more prone to gender-based social encounters. For example with two different sexes experience the same incident and the outcome results being different. The unanswered question is Men from Mars and Women from Venus. The Five personalityRead MoreEssay on Creationism and Grand Canyon755 Words   |  4 PagesEssay Dating the Rocks of the Grand Canyon (Old Earth Comparative Essay 1 Dating the Rocks of the Grand Canyon (Old Earth vs. Young Earth) Dating the rocks of the Grand Canyon is a scientific way to find out the age of this mysterious landmark. The age of the Earth and the Grand Canyon is a question both of a biblical interpretation and scientific investigation. It can be viewed by an old earth creationist and young earth creationist. TheRead MoreThe Effect Of Advertising On A Customers Self Esteem1497 Words   |  6 Pagesbetween the ages of 15-35 living in the UK with a focus on the negative effects on self-esteem across different age groups. Utilising a hypothetical quantitative dataset, descriptive statistics will be applied to analyse if there is a relationship between ‘television advertisement’ as the independent and ‘self-esteem’ as the dependent variable. Thereby, the questions ‘how does the television advertisement of beauty products influence self-esteem?’ and ‘how does self-esteem vary between age groups inRead MoreSummarise Entitlement And Provision For Early Years Education Essay765 Words   |  4 PagesSince 2004, all children in the UK aged three and four years old have been entitled to free places at nursery or another preschool setting (including childminders). From 1st September 2010 the Government extended these hours from 12.5 to 15 hours for up to 38 weeks of the year. The free entitlement provides universal access to early childhood education and care, ensuring that all children have the opportunity to benefit from early years education. The extended hours also supports parents who wish

Contrasting Roles The Good and the Bad Free Essays

Contrasting Roles: The Good and the Bad In Fydor Dostoyesky’s, Notes from the Underground, the relationship between an underground man and a young prostitute, Liza, depicts admirable and harsh qualities. Truly, Liza illustrates a kind-hearted human being while the Underground Man exemplifies a harsh and isolated person. Liza’s function in this novel is to show the contrast between the two completing roles that characterize a classic literary illustration of what is good and bad. We will write a custom essay sample on Contrasting Roles: The Good and the Bad or any similar topic only for you Order Now The altercations that Liza and the Underground Man have significantly portray positive and unsuitable qualities. Upon meeting Liza, the Underground Man harshly ridicules Liza and her lifestyle. He says that she is â€Å"a slave from the start. Yes, a slave! You give up everything, your whole freedom. If you want to break your chains afterwards, you will not be able to† (Dostoyevsky p. 64). This quote undoubtedly exposes Underground Man’s awful perspective on Liza. He believes that Liza is property, rather than a human being. Also, the quote shows that he is stripping Liza of any hope for the future. He does so by telling Liza that if she ever wanted to stop prostituting, she would not be able to. Despite all of the awful accusations that he makes, Liza patiently listens although it is hurting her tremendously. Furthermore, this emphasizes the contrast in characters. It evident that Liza is truly good and that the Underground Man is relentless. However, this not the only altercation that sheds light on this notion. Moreover, there is also another conflicts that give a defined distinction between what is good and bad. The underground Man goes on to further insult Liza without a will to stop. He states, â€Å"I know that I have only to whistle and you have to come with me whether you like it or not. I don’t consult your wishes, but you mine† (p. 69). The underground Man is dehumanizing Liza by comparing her to a dog. He claims that Liza will come to him just as a dog follows a master’s command without question. As if that insult were not enough, he proceeds to tell Liza that she must grant his every desire but he does not care for her wishes. Undoubtedly, the quality of being able to hurt Liza in such a manner is horrible. Liza’s pain is illustrated when the novel states that â€Å"She bit the pillow, bit her hand till it bled (I saw that afterwards), or, thrusting her fingers into her disheveled hair, seemed rigid with the effort of restraint, holding her breath and clenching her teeth† (p. 72). This quote actively portrays how the Underground Man’s negative qualities truly affect her. It not only pained her emotionally to hear these things, but also physically. Despite her emotions, Liza put her feelings behind her and forgives him. After he apologizes, he states, â€Å"she squeezed my hand in her fingers so tightly that I felt I was saying the wrong thing and stopped†(p. 73). This excerpt truly shows Liza’s nobility. Although Liza is so hurt, she makes him feel like he should not have to apologize. She does this by squeezing his hand. However, this is not the only time where Liza puts the Underground Man before herself. Liza’s responses in situations with the Under Ground man portray her comforting qualities and expose his poor qualities. Previously, the audience noted that while Liza cries, the Underground Man did not comfort her. However, in later text, the tables turn. When the Under Ground Man began to cry, she did not waste time in asking what was wrong by asking, â€Å"What is the matter? What is wrong? † she cried, fussing about me† (p. 83). This quote depicts that Liza is a compassionate person. It also shows the difference between the Underground Man and her. It was her natural instinct to help him yet he did not help Liza in her time of need. This again shows that Liza is naturally good while the underground man is uncompassionate. The last encounter that the Underground Man has with Liza truly shows her positive characteristics. After some time, Liza believes that he no longer sees her as a prostitute, but as a companion. However, after having relations with the Underground Man, he wants her to leave and gives her money for the relations that they previously had. Although this hurts her beyond belief, she leaves the money. The underground man states â€Å"I saw a crumpled blue five- rouble note, the one I had thrust into her hand a minute before† (p. 89). This shows that Liza is admirable in dignity. Although she had been hurt, she still had her dignity and that was important for the Underground Man to see. Liza is placed in the novel to show that despite negative situations, a person can still posses an admirable personality. Truly, Liza continuously finds herself to be in horrible situations but she never fails in acting graciously. In a sense, Liza is an inspiration to all. She shows the audience that her profession pains her and that she regrets it. Not only can the audience learn from her mistakes, but also from her gracious personality as well. How to cite Contrasting Roles: The Good and the Bad, Essay examples

Killer Angels Analysis Essay Example For Students

Killer Angels Analysis Essay Wars have been fought for many different reasons through the years, and that holds true for the American Civil War (1861-1865). In Michael Shaara’s Pulitzer Prize winning novel, The Killer Angels, the reasons for fighting the war are brought about through the officers and soldiers at a famous battle site of the Civil War, Gettysburg. Gettysburg was one of the most documented battles of the whole war. It took place over a span of three days and can be viewed as a turning point from Confederate prominence to Confederate demise. The Union and the Confederacy each had their own views as to why they were fighting the war. The propaganda pitch the Union gave was they were fighting to free the slaves. This was not true! It was said Southerners were fighting to preserve slavery. This is also a false statement. In fact, there were a substantial amount of generals in the Union army that owned slaves themselves. In addition the constitution protected slavery. If the true issue was to mai ntain slavery the South would not have seceded. There are many quotes from northern leaders that show clearly that the main purpose of the North was not the eradication of slavery, but subjugation of the southern people. Slavery was used to rally the northern population behind Abraham Lincoln’s war. It was an emotional issue, sure some Yankees joined and fought to â€Å"set men free†, but most were there to preserve the union. An interesting conflict of northern morals is discovered. The North is portrayed as wanting to set black men free, but they practiced economic slavery on the Southern states. The Civil War was really more politically complex with regards to Abraham Lincoln and his Republican Party’s actions. The South fought this war as the Second American Revolution. The Northern states politicians were aggressively attempting to implement a monarchial form of government, which was precisely what the early colonists had fought against in the American Revo lution. The Northern states were taking advantage of their superior numbers in the federal government and were using their advantage to implement unfair tariffs against the South. Enormous amounts of money were taken from the South and funneled into the northern states. Most of the revenue taken from the Southern states was used to run government programs. This brought about the argument of â€Å"State’s Rights† and a weaker central government by the South. The main cause of the war was Lincoln’s rejection of the right to peaceable secession of the eleven sovereign states and subsequently the denial of self-government to the nearly 8 million people living in those states. The Federal government needed the income from the South so they were forced into fighting to save the tax coming from the South. Without consulting Congress, Lincoln sent great armies of destruction to the South. The Southern people had no choice but to defend themselves from this invasion. The South fought, simply, for their independence, as the United States federal government of the northern states refused to allow the South to leave peacefully. The men of the South did not fight to win their freedom; they fought to keep it! For all intents and purposes, if the North had not invaded the South, there would have been no war. The name civil war implies that two, or more, groups of people within a country take up arms against each other in a struggle for the government. This was not what took place in the South between 1861 and 1865. It was an invasion of one nation into another independent, sovereign nation. The struggle is properly called The War For Southern Independence, as that is the most correct description of the reasoning behind the war. The Southern soldier fought to protect his home, State, and Nation from the invading United States army. He fought in honor of his forefathers who had fought against British tyranny. The soldiers of the Confederacy were not traito rs. Some historians have branded any man who fought for their home state in 1861-1865 as a traitor including General Robert E. Lee. This is a Yankee political point of view, which is quite narrow. Many of the leaders, both Union and Confederate were educated at West Point. Men, who resigned their union commission to join the Confederacy, did so because they believe and were taught that home (state) duty, honor, loyalty came before federal issues. It is slander to call them traitors based on the education received by the Federal government of that time. Many of the best-trained and highly skilled officers decided to side with the Confederacy. Probably, the most famous was General Robert E. Lee. He seemed nearly perfect in all aspects of life. He had great morals, was extremely religious, and his men showed proper respect.In a conversation with Confederate General James Longstreet, Lee knew old Virginia held a large spot in his hart. â€Å"There was a higher duty to Virginia. That wa s the first duty. There was never any doubt about that† (191). The respect for Lee shined through George Pickett and his division at Gettysburg. The idea that Lee was fighting for Virginia inspired Pickett’s men to charge at Cemetary Ridge, while the Union troops sat behind walls. Before the heroic run at Cemetary Ridge, Pickett and his men expressed Lee’s idea, â€Å"†¦and let no man forget today that he is from old Virginia.† If you investigate through diaries and other first hand accounts the reasons that these men fought for their homes, farms county and state, you may find many different answers to the reason why they fought. The citizen soldiers who fought for the Confederacy personified the best qualities of America. The preservation of liberty and freedom was the greatest motivating factor in the South’s decision to fight for independence. They resigned their bond to a government that they found increasingly abusing the constitution and the rights of the states for self-determination. The tenacity with which Confederate soldiers fought underscored their belief in the rights guaranteed by the constitution. These attributes are the underpinning of our democratic society and represent the foundation on which this nation was originally built. They did not seek to destroy the federal government, they chose to withdraw and form their own government that was to be truer to the original constitution. Basically Northerners fought to preserve the Union and Southerners fought for their rights as a separate nation. The Union was victorious in the American Civil War, but feelings of the Federal Government not fulfilling its duties under the Constitution are still alive today. Wars will always be fought for different causes and that will always hold true with the wars of the future. 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